|
| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 7351 | | | Printed | 437 | | | Emailed | 1 | | | PDF Downloaded | 33 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 12 | | |
|
|
|
|
|
| Year : 2011
| Volume
: 13 | Issue : 53 | Page
: 292-298 |
|
| Postexposure treatment with a Src-PTK inhibitor in combination with N-l-acetyl cysteine to reduce noise-induced hearing loss |
|
Eric C Bielefeld1, Rebecca Wantuck2, Donald Henderson2
1 Department of Speech and Hearing Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
2 Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
Click here for correspondence address
and email
| Date of Web Publication | 14-Jul-2011 |
|
|
 |
|
|
Both the antioxidant, N-l-acetyl cysteine (NAC), and the Src inhibitor, KX1-004, have been used to protect the cochlea from hazardous noise. In order to extend our previous work on KX1-004 with noise exposure, the current studies were undertaken with two goals: (1) to test the effectiveness of NAC and KX1-004 in combination with one another when given in a protection paradigm, and (2) to test the NAC+KX1-004 combination in a postexposure rescue paradigm. The noise exposure for the first experiment consisted of a 4-kHz octave band of noise at 107 dB SPL for 2 hours. The combination of NAC and KX1-004 were administered either prior to the noise exposure or post exposure (rescue). The second experiment was undertaken to extend the findings of the first experiment's rescue paradigm. The 4 kHz octave band noise was delivered at 112 dB SPL for 1 hour, with the experimental drugs delivered only in a rescue paradigm. In Experiment 1, animals treated before the 2-hour noise exposure with the combination of NAC and KX1-004 had from 12 to 17 dB less permanent threshold shift when compared to control saline treated animals. Treatment in the rescue paradigm did not produce any reductions in threshold shift from the 2-hour exposure. In the second experiment, with the 1-hour noise, rescue with KX1-004 or KX1-004 plus NAC yielded small, but significant, reductions in threshold shift. There was no additional benefit from the combination of NAC and KX1-004 over KX1-004 by itself. Keywords: Apoptosis, cochlea, glutathione, noise, reactive oxygen species, Src
How to cite this article:
Bielefeld EC, Wantuck R, Henderson D. Postexposure treatment with a Src-PTK inhibitor in combination with N-l-acetyl cysteine to reduce noise-induced hearing loss. Noise Health 2011;13:292-8 |
How to cite this URL:
Bielefeld EC, Wantuck R, Henderson D. Postexposure treatment with a Src-PTK inhibitor in combination with N-l-acetyl cysteine to reduce noise-induced hearing loss. Noise Health [serial online] 2011 [cited 2023 Dec 1];13:292-8. Available from: https://www.noiseandhealth.org/text.asp?2011/13/53/292/82962 |
| Introduction | |  |
Several past investigations into noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) have revealed two important mechanisms involved in noise-induced hair cell death, leading to discoveries about key methods for pharmacological interventions to prevent NIHL. The first of the mechanisms is that noise causes an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to hair cell loss [1],[2] from ROS activity. [3],[4] Pretreatment of the cochlea with antioxidants (which scavenge ROS or convert them to less harmful molecules) or pro-antioxidant drugs can attenuate noise damage and hearing loss. [5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12] The second key mechanism is the involvement of apoptosis in the growth of the outer hair cell (OHC) lesion following a traumatic noise exposure. [13],[14] Pre-treating the cochlea with anti-apoptotic agents has also been demonstrated to be an effective strategy to protect against NIHL. [12],[15],[16]
The current report details two experiments that are extensions of previous studies that used interventions with N-acetyl, l-cysteine (NAC) [11],[12],[17],[18] or the Src inhibitor, KX1-004 [12],[16] to protect against noise damage. Both drugs have shown substantial protection when given systemically. NAC, a thiol-containing amino acid derivative, is a supplier of cysteine for endogenous antioxidant glutathione synthesis. NAC is used in the United States as a nutritional supplement as well as prescription drug to treat acute acetaminophen overdose, which causes over production of a highly reactive free radical, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine in the liver. [18],[19] It has been shown in animal models to be protective against various types of noise exposure, such as continuous, impulse, high-kurtosis noise (combination of continuous noise and impact noise), and nonGaussian noise [9],[11],[12],[17],[20],[21],[22],[23] In the noise-exposed cochlea, NAC is thought to scavenge ROS. [24] replenish GSH, [25],[26] protect mitochondria, [27] reduce glutamate excitotoxicity, [28],[29] block apoptosis through inducing specific gene expression, [30] and reduce activation of caspase and MAPK/JNK. [31],[32] KX1-004 is believed to inhibit Src, one of a family of nine oncogenes that is found in all mammalian cells, with greatest levels in the platelets, osteoblasts, and brain tissue. Src activity is associated with the disassembly of adherens junctions, E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions associated with cortical actin filament networks, [33] and with disregulation of integrin signaling at junctions with the extracellular matrix, [34] culminating in anoikis, a form of apoptosis that results from mechanical trauma to a cell or stress to the cell's extra-cellular matrix or connections with other cells. [35] The triggering mechanism for Src activation is not well understood, but involves intramolecular interaction, autophosphorylation of tyrosine 416 and dephosphorylation of tyr 527. [36] One of the characteristics of NIHL is that traumatic noise can cause the complex cellular interconnections to become stressed and/or broken, [13],[37],[38] leading to anoikis.
The current study encompasses two individual experiments. The goal of the studies was to begin to develop an effective noise protection and rescue protocol using KX1-004 in combination with NAC. "Rescue" is the term used for drug treatments that are only given after the noise exposure in the hopes of minimizing the resulting hearing loss. It is a relevant treatment paradigm for noise exposures that are either completely unanticipated or whose severity is greater than anticipated. In those cases, drug treatments given prior to the noise are impossible or impractical, and the best option available to those noise-exposed individuals is a post-exposure rescue treatment to minimize the resulting hearing loss. The purpose of Experiment 1 in the current study was to test the effectiveness of NAC and KX1-004 in combination with one another when given before (protection) or after (rescue) a noise exposure. In our previous study, [12] the two drugs were given separately to compare their effectiveness. As discussed above, both drugs have proven to provide significant protection from noise when given separately. The purpose of Experiment 2 was to test NAC/KX1-004 in a postexposure rescue paradigm with a different noise exposure that was designed to induce a combination of mechanical trauma and metabolic ROS damage to the OHCs.
| Methods | | |
The current report encompasses results from two experiments. In the first experiment, seventeen adult chinchillas weighing between 400 and 700 g were divided into three different experimental groups. In the second experiment, another seventeen chinchillas were divided into three experimental groups. Prior to noise experimental procedures and in between test times, the animals were housed in a quiet colony. All procedures involving use and care of the animals were reviewed and approved by the State University of New York at Buffalo Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol HER 14045Y).
Auditory brainstem response test
For both experiments, free-field auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds were obtained in a sound booth before the noise exposure, and 15 minutes, 7 days, and 21 days after the noise. The duration of the testing was 30-40 minutes. The animals were anesthetized with inhalant isoflurane (5% for induction with 3 L/min O 2 flow rate, 2% for maintenance with 1 L/min O 2 flow rate) and placed on a homeothermic blanket to maintain body temperature during ABR recording. Platinum subdermal needle electrodes (Grass Technologies, West Warwick, RI) were placed at the scalp vertex (non-inverting), below the left pinna (inverting), and below the shoulder (ground) to record ABRs. The test stimuli were alternating phase tone bursts (1- ms duration with 0.5-ms rise/fall time) at frequencies of 2, 4, 6, and 8 kHz (in that order for each test) presented at a rate of 21/s. TDT hardware and software (Sig-Gen) were used to generate the stimuli. Acoustic stimuli were calibrated prior to each testing session (each session typically consisting of 4-6 animals being tested) by recording the output of the speaker with a microphone placed at the animals' ear level. Stimuli were attenuated with a programmable attenuator (TDT PA- 4) and presented through a speaker placed at zero degrees azimuth, 10 cm from the vertex of each chinchilla's head. Responses were bandpass filtered (100-3000 Hz), amplified (50,000X), and averaged for 250 stimulus presentations using TDT hardware and software. Replications were obtained at stimulus levels near and at threshold. The lowest stimulus level that elicited a repea waveform was considered as threshold.
Noise exposure
For Experiment 1, the noise exposure was a continuous octave-band noise centered at 4 kHz at 107 dB SPL for two hours. For Experiment 2, the 4 kHz octave band noise was raised to a level of 112 dB SPL, and the duration was reduced to one hour. The rationale for the change in noise exposures was that the rescue paradigm may be optimally applied to shorter-duration, higher-sound pressure level noise exposures since those exposures will create more of their cochlear damage after cessation of the noise. The cochlear damage that develops post-noise is that which can be prevented using the rescue paradigm. In addition, the higher-level, shorter-duration noise was designed to induce a combination of mechanical trauma to the OHCs, as well as metabolic damage mediated by ROS. Noise that combines mechanical and metabolic OHC damage is common in conditions of impulse or impact noise, as well as some of the peak noise levels that can be delivered by speaker systems in automobiles, night clubs, and concert venues. Therefore, in an attempt to assess the therapeutic potential of the NAC/KX1-004 combination for a commonly-occurring type of noise that blends mechanical and metabolic damage, the 112 dB SPL, one-hour noise was used for Experiment 2. The noises were generated by a D/A converter on a signal processing board in a personal computer. The noises were routed through an attenuator (HP 350 D), a filter (Krohn-Hite 3550R) and an amplifier (NAD 2200 PE). The acoustic horn (JBL 2360) was suspended directly above the chinchillas' cages. Prior to the noise exposures, the noise levels were calibrated with a Larson Davis 800B sound level meter.
Drug preparation and administration
NAC (Sigma Chemicals A7250) was dissolved in physiological saline at a concentration of 81.25 mg/ml. The solution was then brought up to physiological ph with the addition of sodium hydroxide. Animals were given the NAC solution at a level of 325 mg/kg (equal to 4.0 ml of the solution per kg) by intraperitoneal injection. KX1-004, the Src-PTK inhibitor, was obtained through collaboration with Kinex Pharmaceuticals (www.kinexpharma.com). The drug was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted to 2 mg/ ml in sterile physiologic saline. The solution was delivered at 10 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection. Control animals were given sterile physiological saline by intraperitoneal injection.
For Experiment 1, the two drugs were given in combination in two paradigms. In the protection paradigm, the NAC plus KX1-004 injections were given at 48, 24, 20, and 1 hour before the noise exposure. In the rescue paradigm, the NAC plus KX1-004 injections were given at 1, 20, 28, and 48 hours after the noise exposure. For Experiment 2, all drugs were given in rescue paradigms after the noise exposure in a different schedule compared with Experiment 1. In the first experimental group, KX1-004 alone was given at 1 and 24 hours after the noise exposure. In the second experimental group, the combination of NAC plus KX1-004 was given at 1 and 24 hours after the noise. In comparison with Experiment 1, the rescue protocol in changed in Experiment 2 from four total injections in 48 hours to two injections in 24 hours. The rationale for the change in injection schedules was based on unpublished pilot observations with KX1-004 that the injections occurring after 24 hours did not contribute to improved effectiveness of rescue. Therefore, if the rescue paradigm with KX1-004 was effective, it would only require injections to take place within 24 hours of the noise exposure. Experimental conditions are summarized in [Table 1].
Assessment of threshold shift
To assess noise-induced threshold shift in the animals, pre-exposure thresholds were subtracted from the three post-exposure threshold measurements (15 minutes, 7 days, 21 days) to calculate threshold shift at each time point. The 15-minute and 7-day measurements provided indices of temporary threshold shift (TTS). The 21-day measurement provided the data for calculation of permanent threshold shift (PTS).
Statistical analysis
For each of the two experiments, 3-factor ANOVAs (Drug Group x Frequency x Test time) were used to analyze differences between the means of the three experimental groups across the four different test frequencies at the three different time points post noise exposure. Group and Frequency were analyzed as between-subjects variables, and Test time (Days post noise) was analyzed as a repeated measure. If a significant main effect occurred for Group or Frequency, post hoc testing with Tukey's A tests was performed to delineate the nature of the differences. If a significant main effect of Day occurred, the different days were compared with paired subjects t-tests.
| Results | | |
Pre-exposure thresholds
Pre-exposure thresholds for all groups in each of the two experiments were confirmed as being the same. For Experiment 1, the control group and the NAC/KX1-004 protection group had six animals each, and the NAC/KX1-004 rescue group had five animals. Statistical analysis (Two-way ANOVA) revealed a significant main effect of frequency, but no main effect of Group or Group x Frequency interaction. For Experiment 2, the control group and the KX1-004 rescue group had six animals each, and the NAC/KX1-004 rescue group had five animals. Statistical analysis (Two-way ANOVA) revealed a significant main effect of frequency, but no main effect of Group or Group x Frequency interaction. The absence of differences between groups prior to noise exposure gave confidence that the differences observed in threshold shift between groups were a result of the protective drug administrations the groups received before each day of the noise exposure.
Threshold shifts induced by noise
For Experiment 1, threshold shifts for the three groups at the four frequencies tested are shown for Day 0 [Figure 1]a, Day 7 [Figure 1]b, and Day 21 [Figure 1]c. At Day 0, substantial threshold shifts occurred at 2-8 kHz, consistent with the magnitude and duration of the noise exposure. All groups exhibited recovery during the period of time from Day 0 to 21. The three-way ANOVA showed a significant two-way interaction of Group x Day. The Group x Day interaction was broken down with a series of two-way (Group x Frequency) ANOVAs at each test day. The two-way ANOVA on Day 0 found no main effects or interactions. The two-way ANOVA on Day 7 revealed a significant main effect of Group (P=0.001). Tukey A post hoc testing revealed that the group pre-treated with the NAC/KX1-004 combination had significantly lower threshold shift that the control group or the group treated with NAC/KX1-004 in the rescue paradigm. The two-way ANOVA on Day 21 revealed a significant main effect of Group (P=0.050). Tukey A post hoc testing revealed that the group pre-treated with the NAC/KX1-004 combination had significantly lower threshold shift that the control group or the group treated with NAC/KX1-004 in the rescue paradigm. The NAC/KX1-004 group treated in the rescue paradigm was not significantly different from the control group at any time point. | Figure 1: Threshold shifts at a) Day 0, b) Day 7, and c) Day 21 for the three experimental groups from Experiment 1, plotted as Threshold shift in dB against the frequency tested. Error bars are +1 SEM. On Day 7 and 21, the group pre-treated with KX1-004 and NAC had significantly lower threshold shifts at all frequencies compared to the control group and the group treated with Kx1-004 and NAC in the rescue paradigm (marked with *)
Click here to view |
For Experiment 2, threshold shifts for the three groups at the four frequencies tested are shown for Day 0 [Figure 2]a, Day 7 [Figure 2]b, and Day 21 [Figure 2]c. As in Experiment 1, there was substantial TTS at Day 0, followed by all groups exhibiting recovery during the period of time from Day 0 to 21. The three-way ANOVA showed a significant two-way interaction of Group x Day. The Group x Day interaction was broken down with a series of two-way (Group x Frequency) ANOVAs at each test day. The two-way ANOVA on Day 0 found no main effects or interactions. The two-way ANOVA on Day 7 revealed a significant main effect of Group (P<0.001). Tukey A post hoc testing revealed that the group treated with KX1-004 in the post-noise rescue paradigm had significantly lower threshold shift that the control group, and the group treated with the NAC/KX1-004 in the post-noise rescue paradigm had significantly less threshold than both the control group and the KX1-004 group. The two-way ANOVA on Day 21 revealed a significant main effect of Group (P<0.01). Tukey A post hoc testing revealed that the group treated with KX1-004 in the post-noise rescue paradigm and the group treated with the NAC/KX1-004 in the post-noise rescue paradigm both had significantly lower threshold shift that the control group, but the two treated groups were not different from one another. | Figure 2: Threshold shifts at a) Day 0, b) Day 7, and c) Day 21 for the three experimental groups from Experiment 2, plotted as Threshold shift in dB against the frequency tested. Error bars are +1 SEM. Groups significantly different from the control are marked with*. Groups significantly different from both the control and the KX1-004 treated group are marked with #
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
Consistent with expectations, the combination of NAC and KX1-004 was able to reduce TTS and PTS compared to the vehicle controls when given prior to noise exposure. TTS at Day 0 was not affected by the protection paradigm. This may have been due to the high level of TTS that was achieved (60 dB or more) or that the mechanisms believed to create TTS (stereocilia damage, damage to junctions of inner hair cells and afferent auditory nerve fibers [39] ) may have been unaffected by the drug treatments. Contrary to expectations, the combination of NAC and KX1-004 did not provide more protection than the two drugs individually have provided in previous studies. [11],[12],[17] The lack of a synergistic effect of combining the two drugs can be explained in several ways. It is possible that one of the drugs did not adequately penetrate the cochlea. It is also possible that there is more redundancy in the drugs' mechanisms than expected. KX1-004, through inhibition of Src, is believed to inhibit apoptosis. Much of the noise-induced apoptosis may be triggered by ROS, and scavenging ROS with increased glutathione (from NAC) can act to minimize apoptosis, thus rendering the KX1-004 unnecessary. The Src pathway may also be involved in the generation of superoxide and other downstream ROS through a complex pathway involving the activation of NADPH oxidase, an enzyme shown to be active in the cochlea. [40],[41],[42] Inhibition of the Src pathway may serve to restrict noise-induced ROS generation in the cochlea, thus rendering the antioxidant treatment unnecessary. The potential redundancy of the two drug treatments is a relevant topic for future investigation.
The other key finding from Experiment 1 was that the combination of NAC and KX1-004 was ineffective when given as a rescue. Any study of pharmacological protection from noise that yields negative results is somewhat difficult to interpret, in that the dosing, scheduling, noise parameters, route of administration, etc can be a part of the reason for the negative results. Because of the failure of the NAC/KX1-004 in the rescue paradigm in Experiment 1, a second experiment was added to further test the NAC/KX1-004 combination, focusing only on the rescue paradigm. In the second experiment, we chose to pursue a study with a shorter noise duration and higher sound pressure level. The shorter noise duration creates the potential for more post-noise cochlear damage, damage that can be prevented with a rescue drug treatment. Experiment 2 utilized a one-hour, 112 dB SPL 4 kHz noise to create more direct mechanical trauma and significant post-noise OHC lesion growth. The experiment found a positive rescue effect of both KX1-004 and the NAC/KX1-004 combination as rescue treatments. The effect was fairly modest (~10 dB) for PTS, but the positive effect establishes that the Src inhibitor can be effective as a rescue treatment. There was also an additional protective effective from the NAC/KX1-004 combination for Day 7 TTS, but not for the PTS measurement. The lack of synergistic effect of NAC and KX1-004 in the rescue paradigm can be attributable to the same set of possible factors as discussed above for the drugs in Experiment 1. The improved effectiveness of the NAC/KX1-004 as a rescue treatment in Experiment 2 compared with Experiment 1 provokes multiple possible explanations. First, the reason that a shorter-duration (one hour), higher-level (112 dB SPL) noise was utilized in Experiment 2 was to create a noise exposure in which more of the cochlear damage was taking place after cessation of the noise. The goal of the experiment was to demonstrate possible rescue with NAC/KX1-004, and a noise with more post-noise cochlear damage is an optimal noise exposure for rescue intervention. With the two-hour noise in Experiment 1, much of the cochlear lesion may have already been formed by the end of the noise exposure. Rescue injections after that sort of noise may have come too late to be effective. If the duration and level of the noise exposure were indeed the cause for the differences in rescue effectiveness, this implies that rescue may best applied to clinical patients that sustained short-duration, high-level exposures, such as impulse or impact trauma. A second possible explanation lies with the mechanisms of action of KX1-004. It is an apoptosis inhibitor that may preferentially target anoikis. Anoikis is a subset of apoptosis that results from mechanical trauma to the cell that disrupts the cell's connections to its support cells and extra-cellular matrix. [35] The 112 dB SPL noise in Experiment 2 likely induced more mechanical stress to the OHCs than did the 107 dB SPL noise from Experiment 1. Therefore, KX1-004 may have been a more effective rescue intervention for the noise in Experiment 2 compared with the noise in Experiment 1 because of the greater potential for OHC death through anoikis in the 112 dB SPL noise.
While the current experiments demonstrated a proof of concept that KX1-004 can be successfully used in a rescue paradigm, the significance of the results is limited by the relatively small magnitude of the rescue effect. What remains unknown from the current studies is the ideal injection schedule and dosing regimen for KX1-004 or the NAC/KX1-004 combination in the rescue paradigm. It is possible that higher doses, or more frequent injections within the 24-hour window, after the noise exposure would optimize the effectiveness of the approach. Future studies will focus on developing optimal dosing regimens and assessment of rescue against a variety of noise conditions, and will utilize OHC cochleograms to further support the threshold shift findings and elaborate on the mechanisms of the rescue effect demonstrated.
Side effects from the drugs were minimal. None of the groups' mean weights in either experiment changed significantly (data not shown). Overall, the findings of the current study extend the findings of our previous study [12] that the Src inhibitor, KX1-004, can be effective as an otoprotective drug against noise exposure when delivered systemically. The effective use of the drug in a rescue paradigm is a step forward toward fully realizing the drug's protective value against NIHL.
| Acknowledgments | | |
The authors thank Dr. David Hangauer and the Kinex Corporation for their contribution of the supply of KX1-004. Research was supported by the NIOSH grant 1R01OH008113-01A1 to Donald Henderson.
| References | | |
| 1. | Yamane H, Nakai Y, Takayama M, Konishi K, Iguchi H, Nakagawa T, et al. The emergence of free radicals after acoustic trauma and strial blood flow. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1995;519:87-92. 
|
| 2. | Ohlemiller KK, Wright JS, Dugan LL. Early elevation of cochlear reactive oxygen species following noise exposure. Audiol Neurootol 1999;4:229-36.
|
| 3. | Ohinata Y, Miller JM, Altschuler RA, Schacht J. Intense noise induces formation of vasoactive lipid peroxidation products in the cochlea. Brain Res 2000;878:163-73.
|
| 4. | Yamashita D, Jiang HY, Schacht J, Miller JM. Delayed production of free radicals following noise exposure. Brain Res 2004;1019:201-9.
|
| 5. | Seidman MD, Shivapuja BG, Quirk WS. The protective effects of allopurinol and superoxide dismutase on noise-induced cochlear damage. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993;109:1052-6.
|
| 6. | Quirk WS, Shivapuja BG, Schwimmer CL, Seidman MD. Lipid peroxidation inhibitor attenuates noise-induced temporary threshold shifts. Hear Res 1994;74:217-20.
|
| 7. | Hu BH, Zheng XY, McFadden SL, Kopke RD, Henderson D. R-phenylisopropyladenosine attenuates noise-induced hearing loss in the chinchilla. Hear Res 1997;113:198-206.
|
| 8. | Yamasoba T, Schacht J, Shoji F, Miller JM. Attenuation of cochlear damage from noise trauma by an iron chelator, a free radical scavenger and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in vivo. Brain Res 1999;815:317-25.
|
| 9. | Kopke RD, Weisskopf PA, Boone JL, Jackson RL, Wester DC, Hoffer ME, et al. Reduction of noise-induced hearing loss using L-NAC and salicylate in the chinchilla. Hear Res 2000;149:138-46.
|
| 10. | Kopke RD, Coleman JK, Liu J, Campbell KC, Riffenburgh RH. Candidate's thesis: Enhancing intrinsic cochlear stress defenses to reduce noise-induced hearing loss. Laryngoscope 2002;112:1515-32.
|
| 11. | Kopke R, Bielefeld E, Liu J, Zheng J, Jackson R, Henderson D, et al. Prevention of impulse noise-induced hearing loss with antioxidants. Acta Otolaryngol 2005;125:235-43.
|
| 12. | Bielefeld EC, Hynes S, Pryznosch D, Liu J, Coleman JK, Henderson D. A comparison of the protective effects of systemic administration of a pro-glutathione drug and a Src-PTK inhibitor against noise-induced hearing loss. Noise Health 2005;7:24-30.
[PUBMED]  |
| 13. | Hu BH, Henderson D, Nicotera TM. Involvement of apoptosis in progression of cochlear lesion following exposure to intense noise. Hear Res 2002;166:62-71.
|
| 14. | Nicotera TM, Hu BH, Henderson D. The caspase pathway in noise-induced apoptosis of the chinchilla cochlea. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2003;4:466-77.
|
| 15. | Pirvola U, Xing-Qun L, Virkkala J, Saarma M, Murakata C, Camoratto AM, et al. Rescue of hearing, auditory hair cells, and neurons by CEP-1347/KT7515, an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. J Neurosci 2000;20:43-50.
|
| 16. | Harris KC, Hu B, Hangauer D, Henderson D. Prevention of noise-induced hearing loss with Src-PTK inhibitors. Hear Res 2005;208:14-25.
|
| 17. | Bielefeld EC, Kopke RD, Jackson RL, Coleman JK, Liu J, Henderson D. Noise protection with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) using a variety of noise exposures, NAC doses, and routes of administration. Acta Otolaryngol 2007;127:914-9.
|
| 18. | Kopke RD, Jackson RL, Coleman JK, Liu J, Bielefeld EC, Balough BJ. NAC for noise: From the bench top to the clinic. Hear Res 2007;226:114-25.
|
| 19. | Marzullo L. An update of N-acetylcysteine treatment for acute acetaminophen toxicity in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2005;17:239-45.
|
| 20. | Ohinata Y, Miller JM, Schacht J. Protection from noise-induced lipid peroxidation and hair cell loss in the cochlea. Brain Res 2003;966:265-73.
|
| 21. | Duan M, Qiu J, Laurell G, Olofsson A, Counter SA, Borg E. Dose and time-dependent protection of the antioxidant N-L-acetylcysteine against impulse noise trauma. Hear Res 2004;192:1-9.
|
| 22. | Coleman JK, Kopke RD, Liu J, Ge X, Harper EA, Jones GE, et al. Pharmacological rescue of noise induced hearing loss using N-acetylcysteine and acetyl-L-carnitine. Hear Res 2007;226:104-13.
|
| 23. | Hamernik RP, Qiu W, Davis B. The effectiveness of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (L-NAC) in the prevention of severe noise-induced hearing loss. Hear Res 2008;239:99-106.
|
| 24. | Aruoma OI, Halliwell B, Hoey BM, Butler J. The antioxidant action of N-acetylcysteine: Its reaction with hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide, and hypochlorous acid. Free Radic Biol Med 1989;6:593-7.
|
| 25. | Cotgreave IA, Berggren M, Jones TW, Dawson J, Moldeus P. Gastrointestinal metabolism of N-acetylcysteine in the rat, including an assay for sulfite in biological systems. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1987;8:377-86.
|
| 26. | Cotgreave IA. N-acetylcysteine. Pharmacological considerations and experimental and clinical applications. Adv Pharmacol 1997;38:205-27.
|
| 27. | Grattagliano I, Portincasa P, Cocco T, Moschetta A, Di Paola M, Palmieri VO, et al. Effect of dietary restriction and N-acetylcysteine supplementation on intestinal mucosa and liver mitochondrial redox status and function in aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2004;39:1323-32.
|
| 28. | Himi T, Ikeda M, Yasuhara T, Murota SI. Oxidative neuronal death caused by glutamate uptake inhibition in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci Res 2003;71:679-88.
|
| 29. | Penugonda S, Mare S, Goldstein G, Banks WA, Ercal N. Effects of N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), a novel thiol antioxidant against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in neuronal cell line PC12. Brain Res 2005;1056:132-8.
|
| 30. | Yan CY, Ferrari G, Greene LA. N-acetylcysteine-promoted survival of PC12 cells is glutathione-independent but transcription-dependent. J Biol Chem 1995;270:26827-32.
|
| 31. | Dickey DT, Wu YJ, Muldoon LL, Neuwelt EA. Protection against cisplatin-induced toxicities by N-acetylcysteine and sodium thiosulfate as assessed at the molecular, cellular, and in vivo levels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;314:1052-8.
|
| 32. | Wu YJ, Muldoon LL, Neuwelt EA. The chemoprotective agent N-acetylcysteine blocks cisplatin-induced apoptosis through caspase signaling pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;312:424-31.
|
| 33. | Behrens J, Weidner KM, Frixen UH, Schipper JH, Sachs M, Arakaki N, et al. The role of E-cadherin and scatter factor in tumor invasion and cell motility. Exs 1991;59:109-26.
|
| 34. | Playford MP, Schaller MD. The interplay between Src and integrins in normal and tumor biology. Oncogene 2004;23:7928-46.
|
| 35. | Frisch SM, Screaton RA. Anoikis mechanisms. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2001;13:555-62.
|
| 36. | Boggon TJ, Eck MJ. Structure and regulation of Src family kinases. Oncogene 2004;23:7918-27.
|
| 37. | Ahmad M, Bohne BA, Harding GW. An in vivo tracer study of noise-induced damage to the reticular lamina. Hear Res 2003;175:82-100.
|
| 38. | Hamernik RP, Turrentine G, Roberto M, Salvi R, Henderson D. Anatomical correlates of impulse noise-induced mechanical damage in the cochlea. Hear Res 1984;13:229-47.
|
| 39. | Henderson D, Bielefeld EC, Harris KC, Hu BH. Oxidative stress in noise-induced hearing loss. Ear Hear 2006;27:1-19.
|
| 40. | Ramkumar V, Whitworth CA, Pingle SC, Hughes LF, Rybak LP. Noise induces A1 adenosine receptor expression in the chinchilla cochlea. Hear Res 2004;188:47-56.
|
| 41. | Nicotera TM, Ding D, McFadden SL, Salvemini D, Salvi R. Paraquat-induced hair cell damage and protection with the superoxide dismutase mimetic m40403. Audiol Neurootol 2004;9:353-62.
|
| 42. | Bielefeld EC, Hu BH, Harris KC, Henderson D. Damage and threshold shift resulting from cochlear exposure to Paraquat-generated superoxide. Hear Res 2005;207:35-42.
|
Correspondence Address:
Eric C Bielefeld
Department of Speech and Hearing Science, The Ohio State University, 110 Pressey Hall, 1070 Carmack Road, Columbus, Ohio 43220.
USA
 Source of Support: NIOSH grant 1R01OH008113-01A1, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/1463-1741.82962
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Targeting Breast Cancer: The Familiar, the Emerging, and the Uncharted Territories |
|
| Hamidreza Montazeri Aliabadi, Arthur Manda, Riya Sidgal, Co Chung | | Biomolecules. 2023; 13(9): 1306 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Emerging Therapies and Approaches to Treat and Prevent Hearing Loss |
|
| Alaa Koleilat, Colin L. W. Driscoll, Lisa A. Schimmenti, Gayla L. Poling | | Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups. 2020; 5(5): 1147 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
The chinchilla animal model for hearing science and noise-induced hearing loss |
|
| Monica Trevino, Edward Lobarinas, Amanda C. Maulden, Michael G. Heinz | | The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2019; 146(5): 3710 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Octave band noise exposure: Laboratory models and otoprotection efforts |
|
| Sarah N. Gittleman, Colleen G. Le Prell, Tanisha L. Hammill | | The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2019; 146(5): 3800 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Temporary threshold shift after impulse-noise during video game play: Laboratory data |
|
| C. Spankovich,S. K. Griffiths,E. Lobariñas,K. E. Morgenstein,S. de la Calle,V. Ledon,D. Guercio,C. G. Le Prell | | International Journal of Audiology. 2014; 53(S2): S53 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
A putative role of p53 pathway against impulse noise induced damage as demonstrated by protection with pifithrin-alpha and a Src inhibitor |
|
| Anna R. Fetoni,Eric C. Bielefeld,Thomas Nicotera,Donald Henderson | | Neuroscience Research. 2014; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Transcriptome characterization by RNA-Seq reveals the involvement of the complement components in noise-traumatized rat cochleae |
|
| M. Patel,Z. Hu,J. Bard,J. Jamison,Q. Cai,B.H. Hu | | Neuroscience. 2013; 248: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
An Src-protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor to reduce cisplatin ototoxicity while preserving its antitumor effect |
|
| Eric C. Bielefeld,Chiemi Tanaka,Guang-di Chen,Donald Coling,Manna Li,Donald Henderson,Anna R. Fetoni | | Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2013; 24(1): 43 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Transcriptome characterization by RNA-Seq reveals the involvement of the complement components in noise-traumatized rat cochleae |
|
| Patel, M. and Hu, Z. and Bard, J. and Jamison, J. and Cai, Q. and Hu, B.H. | | Neuroscience. 2013; 248: 1-16 | | [Pubmed] | | | 10 |
An Src-protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor to reduce cisplatin ototoxicity while preserving its antitumor effect |
|
| Bielefeld, E.C. and Tanaka, C. and Chen, G.-D. and Coling, D. and Li, M. and Henderson, D. and Fetoni, A.R. | | Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2013; 24(1): 43-51 | | [Pubmed] | | | 11 |
Protection from impulse noise-induced hearing loss with novel Src-protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors |
|
| Bielefeld, E.C., Hangauer, D., Henderson, D. | | Neuroscience Research. 2011; 71(4): 348-354 | | [Pubmed] | | | 12 |
Protection from impulse noise-induced hearing loss with novel Src-protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors |
|
| Eric C. Bielefeld,David Hangauer,Donald Henderson | | Neuroscience Research. 2011; 71(4): 348 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Search Pubmed for
