|
| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 9622 | | | Printed | 350 | | | Emailed | 3 | | | PDF Downloaded | 174 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 16 | | |
|
|
|
|
|
| Year : 2002
| Volume
: 4 | Issue : 14 | Page
: 31-39 |
|
| Occupational exposure to insecticides and their effects on the auditory system |
|
Cleide Fernandes Teixeira1, Lia Giraldo da Silva Augusto2, Thais C Morata3
1 AUDIOCLINICA. Praça do Derby,Recife; Núcleo de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva/ Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu, Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Campus da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
2 Núcleo de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva/ Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu, Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Campus da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
3 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Applied Research and Technology, Cincinnati, USA
Click here for correspondence address
and email
|
|
 |
|
|
The objective of this investigation was to study the effects of occupational exposure to organophosphates and pyrethroid insecticides on the central auditory system. The study group consisted of 98 workers exposed to insecticides and 54 non-exposed workers. Data on work history, medical history, present diseases, occupational and non-occupational exposure to noise or chemicals and lifestyle factors were obtained through an interview. Central auditory system functions were assessed through frequency patterns and duration patterns testing. Fifty-six percent of the exposed workers had hearing dysfunction at the central level and its relative risk was 7.58 for the group with exposure to insecticides (95% CI 2.9- 19.8) when compared to the non-exposed group. The group exposed to insecticides and noise had a relative risk for central disorders of 6.5 (95% CI 2.2-20.0) when compared to the non-exposed group and 9.8 (95% CI 1.4-64.5) when compared to the group exposed only to noise. The finding suggests that exposure to organophosphates and pyrethroid products can induce damage to central auditory system. Further research is needed on the ototoxic mechanisms of these chemicals, and on hearing loss prevention measurements that are applicable and adequate to such risks and populations. Keywords: organophosphates, pyrethroids, ototoxicity, hearing, insects′ control.
How to cite this article:
Teixeira CF, da Silva Augusto LG, Morata TC. Occupational exposure to insecticides and their effects on the auditory system. Noise Health 2002;4:31-9 |
| Introduction | |  |
There are more than 750 different groups of chemicals that are considered potential neurotoxicants (Ahlstrom et al., 1986; ArlienSoborg et al., 1981, 1998; Mergler, 1995) but, the majority of these chemicals have not been extensively tested. When there is a continuous interference by chemical substances on cellular and molecular processes, alterations will develop slowly, especially the ones related to the neuropsychological and psychological functions (Wesseling at al., 1997).
The first occupational studies demonstrating that occupational chemicals could have ototoxic effects were conducted more than 30 years ago. However, for the last 16 years, more systematic research has been conducted to explore the ototoxic effects of these chemicals (Abbate et al., 1993; Araki et al., 1992; Arlien-Soborg et al., 1981; Franks and Morata, 1996; Gregersen, 1988; Moller et al, 1989; Odkvist et al., 1982; Otto et al., 1993; Jacobsen et al 1993; Morata et al, 1993; 1997). The auditory system has been shown to be vulnerable to a variety of chemicals (Mergler, 1995), including organic solvents. Their effect can be observed independently from exposure to noise (Franks and Morata, 1996; Hirata et al., 1992; Johnson and Nylon, 1995; Morata et al., 1993, 1997). Studies on the auditory effects of exposure to insecticides, however, are very rare.
The organophosphates and other organic compounds that are derived from phosphoric acid, inhibit cholinesterase, producing an accumulation of acetylcholine, which affects the peripheral nervous system (Hawkers et al., 1989), as well as the cognitive and sensory systems (Fornazzari et al, 1983; Mencher et al, 1996. Another class of insecticides, the pyrethroids, have low persistency in the environment and greater stability to degradation by light. Exposure to certain concentrations of organophosphates will produce effects on the nervous system that will show up later in life as a delayed neuropathology (Axelsson, 1996). Sensations of numbness and tingling, weakness and loss of equilibrium can occur after a few weeks of exposure. Exposures to certain neurotoxic chemicals can also be associated with an increase in the risk of neurodegenerative diseases (Mencher et al., 1996). A study comparing two groups exposed to organophosphates with different levels of pseudocolinesterase activity (N=34) reported peripheral neuropathies in the group with low values of pseudocolinesterase. Both groups had sensorineural hearing loss, ranging in severity from low to moderate (Ernest et al., 1995). Profound bilateral hearing loss, associated with residual peripheral neuropathy in the extremities was reported for a patient with acute poisoning from sprays containing a mixture of two organophosphates, 7.5% of malathion and 15% of metamidophos (Harell et al., 1987). Peripheral auditory disorders were also observed in a group of 98 farm workers free from noise exposure (ages ranging from 15 to 59 years old). The hearing losses were found to be associated with combined exposure to pesticides, organophosphates and pyrethroid insecticides. The audiometric screening revealed that 57.1% of the exposed had high frequency sensorioneural hearing losses (Teixeira and Brandao, 1998). More recently, in a source apportionment analysis (n=185, Beckett et al., 2000) in the New York Farm Family Health and Hazard Survey, hearing loss was found to be associated with a history of spraying crops with insecticides (including organophosphates and pyrethroid compounds). Other factors associated with hearing loss were: age, gender, high school education, firearms use, and grain dryer operation.
The objective of this cross-sectional investigation was to study the effects of occupational exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides on the central auditory system. Central audiologic tests were used to evaluate the occurrence of hearing disorders in workers exposed to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides because of their potential neurotoxicity, which can include effects on the sensory and cognitive systems. The confirmation of auditory effects of insecticides may impact current recommendations for health surveillance of exposed workers to monitor and prevent central audiologic damage.
| Methods | | |
In Brazil, the National Foundation of Health (FNS) develops programs to control tropical diseases such as Dengue, Malaria, Yellow Fever and Chagas Disease using organophosphate and pyrethroid compounds. In the past organochlorinated aromatics, such as DDT, and Benzene Hexachloride compounds, were used (see [Table - 1]).
Study Population
The exposed group, Group A (n=98), consisted of ninety-eight male workers with a minimum of three years of insecticide exposure, who used organophosphate and pyrethroid compounds in their present job. Their mean age was 41.6 years (SD=6.9), and 86.7 % were younger than 50 years old. Their mean duration of chronic exposure to insecticides was 7.3 years (SD=4.5) and 31.6% had 10 or more years of exposure to it. These workers did not receive formal training on safety measures and/or personal protection equipment. Workers reported that incompatibilities between the different types of equipment that they are offered (respirators, glasses, hearing protectors and helmets) prevent them from using any of the equipment consistently. The non-exposed group, Group B (n=54) was comprised of workers in the administrative sector, matched by age, socioeconomic group and educational level.
The workers were subdivided according to their past or current noise exposure. Subgroup A1 applied the insecticides through spray applicators that were not noisy. Subgroup A2 used motorized pumps, which weighed approximately 20 pounds when full, that produced noise levels above 90 dB (A); see exposure characteristics of the study groups in [Table - 2]. Only 35.7% of the studied population were smokers and the majority (84.4%) did not frequently use alcoholic beverages.
Interview
A semi-structured questionnaire gathered data on: medical history; occupational history including full job description; history of occupational and non-occupational exposure to noise and chemicals; and current and previous hearing disorders as well as relevant symptoms. The results of audiological testing were added to each questionnaire after each worker was interviewed.
Testing Procedures
To assess the worker's hearing status, otoscopy, pure-tone audiometry and central auditory tests were performed by audiologists who did not have any knowledge of the subjects' exposure history. Workers were excluded from the study in case of obstructed external ear canal, perforated tympanic membrane, previously diagnosed nonoccupational hearing loss, (conductive, mixed and sensorioneural), frequent use of ototoxic medications and any diagnosed degenerative diseases. In addition, subjects were excluded from participation in the non-exposed group (A) if they reported any kind of exposure to chemical substances, or to amplified musical instruments.
Pitch Pattern Sequence - PPS and Duration Pattern Sequence - DPS tests
The subjects were tested in a sound-insulated chamber, which met the requirements of ANSI S 3.1.1991 for audiometric testing environments. The audiometer used was a GSI model 1761 with TDH-59p headphones, calibrated following the ANSI S3.6, 1989 standard. Pitch Pattern Sequence (PPS) behavioural tests and duration pattern sequence (DPS), were selected because they offer information on the central auditory functions, can be easily administered in the time allowed and did not involve verbal stimuli, as speech tests would have been contaminated by different regional accents and educational level. For the PPS testing, 30 sequences of 3 consecutive pure-tones of either 880 Hz or 1430 Hz, were presented at 50 dBSL, through a compact disk recording, as proposed by Noffsinger et al. (1994). The duration of each pure-tones was 150 ms, and there was an interval of 200 ms between each tone presentation. Subjects were asked to identify the pitch sequence heard (i.e. low, low, high). The test result is expressed in percentage of sequences correctly identified, and reflects the subject's perception of changes in pitch. In a study conducted with Brazilian adults with normal hearing, the author suggested that percentages of correctly identified sequences greater than 76% be considered in the normal range (Corazza, 1998).
The DPS test consisted of presenting a sequence of three consecutive tones of 1000Hz, with either a long duration, of 500 ms, or a short duration, of 250 ms, with a 300 ms interval between stimuli. Subjects were asked to identify the sequence heard (i.e. long, long, short). The test result is expressed in percentage of sequences correctly identified, and reflects the subject's perception of changes in stimulus duration. In a study reported previously, conducted with Brazilian adults with normal hearing, the author suggested that percentages of correctly identified sequences greater than 83% be considered in the normal range (Corazza, 1998).
Statistical Analysis
The statistic analyses were performed using the SAS software (Statistical Analysis System) version 6.12. Chi-square tests were used to compare groups and to determine if audiological test results were associated with duration of exposure.
| Results | | |
Few workers (34,7%) wore personal protection to limit exposure to insecticides, despite a high prevalence of health symptoms. The main health complaints in the exposed group were irritation of the eyes (54%), headaches (44.9%), dizziness (35.7%), nausea (16.3%), and torpor (16.3%). These symptoms, common in cases of neurotoxic intoxication, have been previously associated with exposures to organophosphates and pyrethroid substances (Augusto, 1995; WHO, 1990; Wesseling et al, 1997).
Pitch Pattern Sequence - PPS and Duration Pattern Sequence - DPS tests
Fifty-six percent (56.1%) of the exposed group (A), had altered results in the central tests performed (PPS and / or DPS). Only 4 subjects (7.4%) from the non-exposed group (B) had altered central test results, all of them in the DPS test [Table - 3].
Statistically significant differences were observed among the A1 and B1 subgroups (p=0.001), among the A2 and B2 subgroups (p=0.001) and A2 and B1 (p=0.001) for the results of central tests PPS and DPS (see [Table - 4]). This indicates that noise exposure did not play a role in the results of these central auditory tests. The relative risk for hearing dysfunction at the central level was 6.8 for the group exposed to insecticides, when compared to the group not exposed to insecticides or noise. It was 6.5 for the subjects with exposures to insecticides and noise, when compared to subjects not exposed to noise; and 9.8 for subjects with exposures to insecticides and noise, when compared to subjects exposed to noise only.
The results of the central test PPS and DPS, by subgroup, by ear and duration of exposure to insecticides is illustrated in [Figure - 1]. It can be seen that for the subgroups, A1 and A2, there is no difference between the exposure times needed for the onset of the central auditory dysfunction.
To further explore the impact of the duration of exposure to pesticides on the auditory test results, we divided the exposed subjects from Group A, by their duration of exposure in two categories: those with more, or with less, than 6 years of exposure [Table - 5]. In [Table - 5] an increase in the occurrence of altered results can be noted for all the tests administered, as the duration of exposure increases. The difference was shown to be statistically significant for the results of the central auditory tests (x 2 = 8.461, p < 0.004,) and relative risk of 1.83.
| Discussion | | |
Organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticide use was found to be associated with the occurrence of central auditory disorders, independently of noise exposure. Noise and insecticide exposure might interact at the cochlear level, but due to the lack of historical exposure data, the kind of interaction that took place between noise and insecticide exposure was not examined in the present investigation. Interaction between noise and insecticides at a retrocochlear level can be ruled out in the studied groups, as noise did not seem to affect the results of the central auditory tests in any of the analysis performed.
Little has been published on the time necessary for occupational chemicals to affect the auditory system. Certainly, this issue is dependent on exposure parameters. Epidemiological studies on solvents have reported different exposure times as necessary to induce an effect to audition (Jacobsen et al, 1993; Morata et al, 1993, 1997).
By stratifying this population into two subgroups, using duration of exposure of up to six years or greater, the difference observed between subgroups was statistically significant for the central auditory tests suggesting a positive correlation between the duration of exposure to these neurotoxic insecticides and the observed dysfunctions. It was also observed that central auditory dysfunction could be detected after 4 years of exposure, and that, the longer the duration of exposure, the greater the probability of central auditory alterations.
The evaluation of the central auditory system, through standardized behavioural tests, especially in individuals exposed to neurotoxic substances, is valuable in detecting auditory processing disorders (Dublin, 1976; Musiek et al., 1984). From the clinical and research point of view, the use of tests with non-verbal material can be advantageous, since the results can be directly related to behavioural studies in animals (Neff et al, 1999). Moreover, linguistic knowledge, educational level and regional differences will not influence test performance (Keith, 1989). Central auditory tests involving verbal responses require a number of neural functions such as attention, intensity or pitch discrimination, recognition, immediate memory, and memory for sounds in sequence. In order that the sequential auditory stimuli be correctly identified, it is necessary that both the hemispheres interact adequately, independently of the side of stimulation (Pinheiro et al., 1985; Musiek et al., 1980).
The alterations observed in the present study offer clues to the type of the damage incurred in the individuals exposed to insecticides. However, despite the high sensitivity (PPS=83%, DPS=86%) and specificity (PPS=82%, DPS=92%) of the selected tests, they would not be able to detect all possible cortical damage if it has occurred. The standard duration and frequency tests seem to involve different processes of the highest auditory functions (Musiek et al., 1994, Musiek, 1994). This justifies the application of the two procedures in this type of evaluation, since they seem to be complementary (Musiek et al, 1987). The results of the frequency patterns (PPS) and of duration patterns (DPS) tests, which evaluate the functional features of several structures of the central auditory system (Musiek et al, 1987, 1990) suggest central auditory dysfunction as a consequence of the neurotoxic exposure, as well as for other exposures, as suggested by Musiek et al, 1987; Odkvist et al, 1982; and Pinheiro, 1976. Moreover, it is conceivable that the cortical area that supports language ability in the temporal-parietal region of the left hemisphere may be affected, as has been previously suggested in the literature (Efrom, 1963; Musiek et al., 1980, 1990; Phillips, 1993). However, these tests do not give information on which hemisphere was affected. Thus, the issue of site of lesion remains open for future studies.
| Conclusions | | |
Chronic exposure to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides seem to affect the central auditory functions. Exposure to noise did not modify the prevalence of alterations determined by the exposure to insecticides. Data from this study and other recent publications indicate that chemical exposures should be monitored and controlled as a part of the efforts to prevent hearing loss and other auditory dysfunctions. The inclusion of workers exposed to neurotoxic chemicals in hearing loss prevention programs, regardless of their noise exposure, is recommended.
The results of the central tests (PPS and DPS) were sensitive to the dysfunction of the central auditory pathways. Therefore the inclusion of central auditory tests in the audiological evaluation is justified for those exposed to chemical substances considered neurotoxic, such as pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides. Traditional pure-tone and speech audiometry tests are not adequate for the detection of these alterations. Evidence from the present study shows that the evaluation of the neurotoxic effects of insecticides on the auditory system requires tests that assess the central part of the auditory system, in order to complement the information from pure-tone audiometry, the test routinely used in occupational surveillance.
| Acknowledgements | | |
We thank the workers that agreed to participate in the study for their time, interest, and cooperation, and the National Health Foundation Workers that accepted participating in this study. This study was partially funded by the Brazilian National Research Council (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico - CNPq).[42]
| References | | |
| 1. | Abbate C., Giorgianni C., Munao F., Brecciarolo R. (1993) Neurotoxicity induced by exposure to toluene. An electrophysiological study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 64(6): 389-392.  |
| 2. | Ahlstrom R., Berglund B., Berglund U., Lindvall T., Wennberg A. (1986) Impaired odour perception in tank cleaners. Scand J Work Environ Health, 12(6):574-581. |
| 3. | Araki S., Murata K., Vokoyama K. (1992) Auditory eventrelated potential (P300) in relation to peripheral nerve conduction in workers exposed to lead, zinc, and copper: effects of lead on cognitive function and central nervous system. Am J Med,21:539-547. |
| 4. | Arlien-Soborg P., Zilstorff K., Grandejean B., Pedersen L.M. (1981) Vestibular dysfunction in occupational solvent intoxication. Clin Otolaryngol; 6:285-290. |
| 5. | Arlien-Soborg P., Simonsen L. (1998) Chemical Neurotoxic Agents. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4 th Ed. Geneva, International Labour Office. |
| 6. | Augusto L.S.G. (1995) Exposicao ocupacional a organofosforado em industria quimica de Cubatao - Estado de Sao Paulo: avaliacao do efeito clastogenico pelo testes de micronucleos. Doctoral Thesis in Medical Science - UNICAMP, Campinas. |
| 7. | Axelsson O. (1996) Occupational Neuroepidemiology: where do we go. Scand J Work Environ Health 22:81-83. |
| 8. | Beckett W., Chamberlain D., Hallman E., May J., Hwang S., Gomez M., Eberly S., Cox C., Stark A. (2000) Hearing conservation for farmers: source apportionment of occupational and environmental factors contributing to hearing loss. J Occup Environ Med 42:806-813. |
| 9. | Corazza A.C. (1998) Avaliacao do Processamento Auditivo Central em adultos: teste de padroes tonais auditivo de frequencia e teste de padroes tonais auditivo de duracao. Doctoral Thesis in Human Comunication Disorders - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo. |
| 10. | Dublin W. (1976) Fundamentals of Sensorioneural Auditory Pathology. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas. |
| 11. | Ernest K., Thomas M., Paulose M., Rupa V., Gnanamutu C. (1995) Delayed effects of exposure to organophosphates compound. Indian J Med Res; 101: 8184. |
| 12. | Efrom R. (1963) Temporal perception, aphasia and deja vu. Brain, 86: 404-424. |
| 13. | Fornazzari L., Wilkinson D.A., Kapur B..M., Carten P.L. (1983) Cerebellar, cortical and functional impairment in toluene abusers. Acta Neurol Scand:67:319-329. |
| 14. | Franks J.R , Morata T.C. (1996) Ototoxic effects of chemical alone or in concert with noise: A review of human studies. IN: Axelsson A., Borchgrevink H., Hamernik R, Hellstrom P, Henderson D, Salvi R.(eds). Scientific Basis of Noise-Induce Hearing Loss. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, 437-466. |
| 15. | Gregersen D. (1988) Neurotoxics effects of organic solvents in exposed workers: two controlled follow-up studies after 5.5 and 10.6 years. Am J Ind Med. 14(6):618701. |
| 16. | Harell M., Shea J.J., Ermmett J.R. (1987) Bilateral sudden deafness following combined insecticide poisoning. Laryngoscope, Suppl 88, 1348-1351. |
| 17. | Hawkers C.H., Caranagh J.B. (1989) Motoneuron disease: a disorder secondary to solvent exposure? Lancet, (1): 7376. |
| 18. | International Standardization Organization (1964) Acoustics Standard reference zero for the calibration of pure audiometers. ISO 389-1964. |
| 19. | Hirata M, Ogawa Y, Okayama Y, Gotto S. (1992) A crosssection study on the brainstem auditory evoked potential among workers exposed to carbon disulfide. Arch Occup Environ Health, Suppl 64:321-324. |
| 20. | Jacobsen P., Hein H.O., Suadicani P., Parving A., Gyntelberg F. (1993) Mixed solvent exposure and hearing impairment: an epidemiological study of 3284 men. The Copenhagen male study. Occup Med (Lond), 43:180-184. |
| 21. | Johnson A. C., Nylon P. (1995) Effects of industrial solvents on hearing. Occup Med: State of the Art Reviews, 10(3) 623-640. |
| 22. | Keith R. W. (1989) Central auditory test. Study Guide for Handbook of Speech-Language Pathology. Philadelphia: B.C. Decker, pp. 61-76. |
| 23. | Mencher G.T., Gerber S.E, Mccombe A. (1996) Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Ear. Audiology and Auditory Dysfunction. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. |
| 24. | Mergler D. (1995) Behavioral Neurophysiology: Quantitative Measures of Sensory Toxicity. Neurotoxicology: approaches and methods. London: Academic Press. |
| 25. | Moller C., Odkvist M. L., Thell J., Larsby B, Hyden D, Bergholtz LM, Than R.. (1989) Otoneurological finding in psycho-organic syndrome caused by industrial solvent exposure. Acta Otolaryngol, 107(1-2):5-12. |
| 26. | Morata T.C., Dunn D. E, Kretschmer L. W., Lemasters G. K., Keith R.W.(1993) Effects of occupational exposure to organic solvents and noise on hearing. Scand J Work Environ Health, 19: 245-54. |
| 27. | Morata T.C., Engel T., Durao A., Costa T.R.S., Krieg E.F., Dunn D.E., Lozano, M. A. (1997) Hearing loss from combined exposures among petroleum refinery works. Scand Audiol, 26:141-149. |
| 28. | Musiek F.E., Pinheiro M. L., Wilson D. (1980) Auditory Pattern Perception in "split brain" patients. Arch Otolaryngol, 106: 610-612. |
| 29. | Musiek F.E., Lamb L. (1984) Central Auditory Assessment: an Overview. In: Katz, J. Handbook of Clinical Audiology. (4ed). Baltimore: Williams & Williams, pp 197-211. |
| 30. | Musiek F. E. (1994) Frequency (pitch) and Duration Pattern Tests. Am Acad Audiol, 5: 265-268. |
| 31. | Musiek F.E., Baran J. A., Pinheiro M. L (1994) Neuroaudiology Case Studies. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group. |
| 32. | Musiek F.E., Pinheiro M. L. (1987) Frequency patterns in cochlear, brainstem, and cerebral lesion. Audiol,26: 79-88. |
| 33. | Musiek F.E., Baran J. A., Pinheiro M. L. (1990) Duration pattern recognition in normal subjects and patients with cerebral and cochlear lesion. Audiol 29(6):304-313. |
| 34. | Neef W. D., Diamond T., Cassedy T.H. (1999) Behavioral studies of auditory discrimination: central nervous system. In: Katz, J. Tratado de Audiologia Clinica, 1' ed Brasileira, Ed. Manole, Sao Paulo, pp. 210-219. |
| 35. | Noffsinger D., Wilson D. H., Musiek F. E. (1994) Department of veterans affairs compact disc recording for auditory perceptual assessment: background and introduction. J Am Acad Audiol, 5:231-235. |
| 36. | Odkvist L. M., Bergholtz L. M., Ahlfeldt H., Andersson B., Edling C., Strand E. (1982) Otoneurological and audiological findings in workers exposed to industrial solvents. Acta Otolaryngol, 386: 249-251. |
| 37. | Otto D., Robinson G., Bauman S., Schroeder S, Mushak P, Kleinbaum D, Bonne L. (1985) Five year follow up study of children with low-to-moderate lead absorption: electrophysiological evaluation. Environ Res, 38(1):168-86. |
| 38. | Phillips D. P. (1993) Central auditory processing a view from auditory neuroscience. Am J Otol, 16,(3): 338-352. |
| 39. | Pinheiro M.L, Musiek F. E. (1985) Assessment of Central Auditory Dysfunction: Foundation and Clinical Correlates. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, pp. 219-238. |
| 40. | Pinheiro M. L. (1976) Auditory pattern perception in patients with left and right hemisphere lesions. Ohio J Speech Hearing, 12: 9-20. |
| 41. | Teixeira C. F, Brandao M. F. A. (1998) Efeitos dos agrotoxicos no sistema auditivo dos trabalhadores rurais. Caderno Informativo de Prevencao de Acidentes - CIPA, a.19, 218. |
| 42. | Wesseling C, Mcconnell R., Partne T. (1997) Agricultural pesticide use in developing countries: health effects and research needs. Int J Health Serv, 27, (2): 273-308. |
Correspondence Address:
Cleide Fernandes Teixeira
AUDIOCLINICA. Praça do Derby, 177, Derby, Recife –PE 52010-140
Brazil
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
PMID: 12678926 
[Figure - 1]
[Table - 1], [Table - 2], [Table - 3], [Table - 4], [Table - 5] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Auditory brainstem response latencies of infants and maternal exposure to environmental toxic products |
|
| Chiong, C.M. and Ostrea Jr., E.M. and Llanes, E.G.D.V. and Villanueva-Uy, E.I. and Reyes, A.L. and Gloria-Cruz, T.L.I. and Reyes-Quintos, M.R.T. | | Acta Medica Philippina. 2012; 46(3): 5-10 | | [Pubmed] | | | 2 |
Prevalence of tinnitus in workers exposed to noise and organophosphates [A prevalência do zumbido em trabalhadores expostos à ruÃdo e organofosforados] |
|
| Delecrode, C.R. and De Freitas, T.D. and Frizzo, A.C.F. and Cardoso, A.C.V. | | International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology. 2012; 16(3): 328-334 | | [Pubmed] | | | 3 |
Self-reported tinnitus and ototoxic exposures among deployed australian defence force personnel |
|
| Kirk, K.M. and Mcguire, A. and Nielsen, L. and Cosgrove, T. and Mcclintock, C. and Nasveld, P.E. and Treloar, S.A. | | Military Medicine. 2011; 176(4): 461-467 | | [Pubmed] | | | 4 |
Audiological evaluation in workers exposed to noise and pesticide |
|
| Guida, H.L. and Morini, R.G. and Cardoso, A.C.V. | | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 2010; 76(4): 423-427 | | [Pubmed] | | | 5 |
Hearing impairment in F-111 maintenance workers: The study of health outcomes in aircraft maintenance personnel (SHOAMP) general health and medical study |
|
| Guest, M., Boggess, M., Attia, J., DæEste, C., Brown, A., Gibson, R., Tavener, M., (...), Ross, J. | | American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2010; 53(11): 1159-1169 | | [Pubmed] | | | 6 |
Peripheral and central auditory dysfunction induced by occupational exposure to organic solvents |
|
| Fuente, A., Slade, M.D., Taylor, T., Morata, T.C., Keith, R.W., Sparer, J., Rabinowitz, P.M. | | Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2009; 51(10): 1202-1211 | | [Pubmed] | | | 7 |
Temporal processing disorder associated with styrene exposure |
|
| Zamyslowska-Szmytke, E., Fuente, A., Niebudek-Bogusz, E., Sliwinska-Kowalska, M. | | Audiology and Neurotology. 2009; 14(5): 296-302 | | [Pubmed] | | | 8 |
Hearing loss among licensed pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study |
|
| Crawford, J.M., Hoppin, J.A., Alavanja, M.C.R., Blair, A., Sandler, D.P., Kamel, F. | | Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2008; 50(7): 817-826 | | [Pubmed] | | | 9 |
Work related ototoxic substances current status of discussion | [Ototoxische gefahrstoffe - Zum stand der diskussion] |
|
| Möller, A., Nies, E. | | Umweltmedizin in Forschung und Praxis. 2008; 13(1): 26-36 | | [Pubmed] | | | 10 |
Occupational exposure to noise and organic solvents and auditory capacity of workers from a paper factory [Exposición a ruido, solventes orgánicos y capacidad auditiva de trabajadores de una empresa papelera] |
|
| Guevara, H. and Lugo, F. and Cardozo, R. and González, S. and Ortunio, M. and Sánchez, C. and Rivero, E. | | Informe Medico. 2008; 10(3): 149-158 | | [Pubmed] | | | 11 |
Confounding or aggravating factors in noise-induced health effects: Air pollutants and other stressors |
|
| Schwela, D., Kephalopoulos, S., Prasher, D. | | Noise Health. 2005; 7(28): 41-50 | | [Pubmed] | | | 12 |
Noise and chemical induced hearing loss: Special considerations for farm youth |
|
| Perry, M.J., May, J.J. | | Journal of Agromedicine. 2005; 10(2): 49-55 | | [Pubmed] | | | 13 |
Safety evaluation of chemical mixtures and combinations of chemical and non-chemical stressors |
|
| Jonker, D., Freidig, A.P., Groten, J.P., De Hollander, A.E.M., Stierum, R.H., Woutersen, R.A., Feron, V.J. | | Reviews on Environmental Health. 2004; 19(2): 83-139 | | [Pubmed] | | | 14 |
Chemical exposure as a risk factor for hearing loss |
|
| Morata, T.C. | | Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003; 45(7): 676-682 | | [Pubmed] | | | 15 |
Hearing health of workers exposed to noise and insecticides | [Saúde auditiva de trabalhadores expostos a ruído e inseticidas |
|
| Fernandes Teixeira, C., da Silva Augusto, L.G., Morata, T.C. | | Revista de Saude Publica. 2003; 37(4): 417-423 | | [Pubmed] | | | 16 |
Suggested guidelines for studying the combined effects of occupational exposure to noise and chemicals on hearing |
|
| Morata, T.C., Little, M.B. | | Noise Health. 2002; 4(14): 73-87 | | [Pubmed] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Search Pubmed for
